Peter’s Blog

This blog is a miscellaneous collection of thoughts I think are interesting and want to put out into the world for both you, the reader, and me, also the reader.

Knowns and Unknowns

I’ve been thinking about knowns and unknowns ever since my first exposure to the concept of an unknown unknown, but this is the first time I’ve put those thoughts to writing. The number of kinds of knowns and unknowns, like all binaries, increases twofold per level of meta-knowledge (knowledge about your knowledge). If you are at all familiar with bits (binary digits) then this idea should hopefully click right away. In this piece I’ll explore in detail the meaning of knowns and unknowns at the first and second levels of meta-knowledge. Then I’ll try to convince you that from the third level onwards, there is no useful distinction from the second level. ...

June 9, 2026 · 5 min